Orthopedic Board Review MCQs: Trauma, Arthroplasty & Foot/Ankle | Part 56

A 38-year-old female with a grade IIIB open tibia fracture is scheduled to undergo definitive fixation and subsequent flap coverage with the orthopaedic and plastic surgery teams. She is met in the pre-operative area by the surgical intern and paperwork is completed per institutional protocol. She is then brought back to the operating room. Which of the following is true regarding the pre-surgical timeout?

Which of the following conditions is typically associated with the ankle deformity shown in figure 14?

Figures 1 through 5 are the MR images of a 12-year-old boy with left lateral-sided knee pain following a football injury. He has a several-year history of recurrent knee pain that improves with rest. An examination reveals a moderate effusion. Range of motion is 0° to 90° and is limited by pain in deep flexion. He has tenderness to palpation along the lateral joint line, and no instability is noted. What is the underlying cause of the pathology noted in the figures?

A 72-year-old woman who was doing well after undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty for arthritis 4 months ago is suddenly unable to elevate her arm. Examination reveals 70 degrees of external rotation compared with 45 degrees on the uninvolved side, and she is unable to lift her hand off her lower back. Radiographs are shown in Figures 43a through 43c. Treatment should consist of

Figures  1  and  2  demonstrate  the  radiographs  obtained  from  a  35-year-old  woman  with  end-stage debilitating osteoarthritis of the right hip. She is contemplating total hip arthroplasty (THA). She has a history of right hip dysplasia and underwent hip osteotomy as an adolescent. Over the years, nonsurgical treatment,  including  weight  loss,  activity  modifications,  and  intra-articular  injections,  has  failed.  Her infection  work-up  reveals  laboratory  findings  within  defined  limits.The  patient  undergoes  successful primary THA  with  a  metal-on-metal  bearing.  At  1-year  follow-up,  she  reports  no  pain  and  is  highly satisfied with the procedure. However, 3 years after the index procedure, she reports atraumatic right hip pain  that  worsens  with  activities.  Radiographs  reveal  the  implants  in  good  position  with  no  sign  of loosening or lysis. An initial laboratory evaluation reveals a normal sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein (CRP) level. The most appropriate next diagnostic step is

Which of the following factors is considered most important when assessing an ankle fracture for surgical treatment?

A 16-year-old girl has had pain and swelling along the medial arch of her left foot for the past 3 months. She also reports pain from shoe wear and while running. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have failed to provide relief. Radiographs are shown in Figures 40a through 40c. What is the next most appropriate step in management?

What nerve is most at risk during placement of the anterolateral portal in elbow arthroscopy?

-Figures 56a and 56b are the MRI scans of a 2-year-old girl who has a fever of 39°C and inability to move her left arm. She has not had any recent injury and is otherwise healthy. Radiograph findings of her left upper extremity are normal. What is the most appropriate treatment?

A young male patient underwent intramedullary nail fixation for a diaphyseal femur fracture. A post-operative CT scanogram is performed to assess rotational alignment between the surgical and non-surgical femur. Which of the following measurement(s) are considered acceptable differences in regards to femoral rotational malreduction after intramedullary nail fixation as compared to the uninjured femur?

The diagnosis of an infection after total knee arthroplasty is most reliably proven based on what single study?

What percentage of bone weight is collagen?

Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on the pull-out strength of a lumbar pedicle screw?

A polytrauma patient sustains a right bicondylar tibial plateau fracture and a right humeral shaft fracture both treated with open reduction, internal fixation. He also underwent statically locked intramedullary nailing of a left femoral shaft fracture. What is the appropriate weightbearing status?

Figure 7 shows the radiograph of a 64-year-old man who has neck pain and weakness of the upper and lower extremities following a motor vehicle accident. Examination reveals 3/5 quadriceps and 4/5 hip flexors but no ankle dorsiflexion or plantar flexion. His intrinsics are 1/5, with finger flexors of 3/5. He is awake, alert, and cooperative. Management should consist of

Following spinal cord injury (SCI), methylprednisolone (a bolus of 30 mg/kg plus 5.4 mg/kg per hour over 24 hours) initiated within 8 hours of injury has been associated with which of the following MRI findings? Review Topic

A 24-year-old former high school wrestler had anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring autograft 6 years ago. He now experiences daily instability of his knee with routine activities including walking. Examination reveals a grade 3+ Lachman with a soft endpoint, varus laxity at 30 degrees, and a positive dial test at 30 degrees that dissipates at 90 degrees of knee flexion. He has mild medial joint line tenderness. When walking, there is a slight varus thrust. What treatment is most likely to lead to a successful outcome? Review Topic

A 38-year-old man is being considered for medial meniscus transplantation following an arthroscopic subtotal meniscectomy performed at the time of ACL reconstruction. His body mass index (BMI) is 28kg/m2. Laboratory tests are shown in Figure A. Standing long-leg radiographs reveal a 4 degree valgus deformity compared with the contralateral side, with the weightbearing line running through the lateral tibial spine. His arthroscopic photos also revealed a 1.7cm wide Outerbridge II chondral lesion over the lateral femoral condyle and synovitis. What factor in this patient is an absolute contraindication to meniscal transplantation? Review Topic

Eosinophilic granuloma frequently occurs as a solitary lesion in the tubular long bones. After biopsy, what is the best course of action?

A radiograph of a 12-year-old boy who has had an insidious onset of pain in the right hip for the past 6 weeks shows diffuse narrowing of the joint space. Examination reveals that he is afrebile, and the range of motion of the hip is less than 50% of normal in all planes. Laboratory studies show an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 21 mm/hr and a WBC of 11,000/mm3. What is the most likely diagnosis?

• Which of the following types of sarcoma of the bone is most sensitive to external beam radiation?

Figure 13 shows the clinical photograph of a 66-year-old man who has had an increasingly painful right foot deformity for the past 3 years. Examination reveals that the subtalar joint is fixed in 15° of valgus, and forefoot supination can be corrected to 10° from neutral. Nonsurgical management has failed to provide relief. Treatment should now consist of

A 56-year-old man has had a 2-year history of slowly progressive neck pain and bilateral arm aching. Over the past year, he has noticed intermittent, diffuse numbness in both hands, with decreased grip strength and mild hand clumsiness. He denies any problems with balance. Examination shows a wide-based gait, intrinsic wasting, and a postive Hoffman's sign bilaterally. An MRI scan of the cervical spine is shown in Figure 16. What is the most appropriate treatment? Review Topic

A 25 year-old-male presents with the injury seen in Figure A. Which of the following would be a contraindication to closed management with a functional brace?

Revision of failed hip resurfacing arthroplasty should involve

The term anorexia athletica refers to a problem whose criteria include all of the following, EXCEPT Review Topic

Diagnostic work-up concluded that the patient has metastatic lymphoma. He has no neurologic deficit.Based on these findings, what is the most appropriate management for this spinal condition?

Figures 1 and 2 are the radiographs of an 18-year-old man who had surgery 6 months ago at an outside institution. He is being referred now because he has persistent pain. He is tender over the scaphoid at the snuffbox. What is the most appropriate next imaging step in his pain workup?

Epithelioid sarcoma most commonly occurs in which of the following anatomic locations?

A 67-year-old woman has had pain in the area of the metatarsal heads and toes bilaterally for the past 18 months. She describes a diffuse discomfort and a constant burning sensation. She notes that the area feels swollen. Examination reveals that her pulses are normal, and there is no frank swelling or focal tenderness. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Rupture of the structure shown in the axial cross and the sagittal sections in Figures 100a and 100b causes weakness in

• A 13-year-old quarterback feels a “pop” in his knee while being tackled. Radiographs of the knee and results of a Lachman’s test are normal. Examination reveals tenderness over the distal femoral physis. To help confirm the diagnosis, management should first include

A 43-year-old soccer player who had knee pain following a twisting injury underwent an arthroscopic meniscectomy 6 months ago. He continues to report posterior knee pain. Examination reveals soft-tissue fullness and tenderness just above the popliteal fossa, trace knee effusion, full range of knee motion, no instability, and negative meniscal signs. Radiographs show some mild medial joint space narrowing but no other bony changes. What is the next most appropriate step in management?

A 35-year-old woman undergoes an L4-5 anterior fusion via a left retroperitoneal approach. Postoperative examination reveals that her right foot is cool and pale. Her neurologic examination is normal, and her pedal pulses are asymmetric. What is the most likely reason for the right foot finding?

What is the most frequent late complication of cementless fixation in total knee arthroplasty?

Anterior penetration of an iliosacral screw through the sacral ala would most likely lead to weakness of which of the following movements?

The injury shown in Figure 24 was most likely caused by what mechanism of injury?

Osteolysis after total knee arthroplasty can be minimized through prosthetic design features such as

A patient with degenerative osteoarthritis of the sternoclavicular (SC) joint reports constant pain, discomfort, and marked prominence and instability of the SC joint following medial clavicle resection. Which of the following procedures is most likely to produce these signs and symptoms?

A 25-year-old woman has significant pain and swelling in her left ankle after falling off her bicycle. Examination reveals that she is neurovascularly intact. Radiographs are shown in Figures 33a through 33c. What is the next most appropriate step in management?

What is the recommended insertion torque for halo pins in adults?

A 45-year-old man seen in the emergency department reports a 1-week history of worsening low back pain and a progressive neurologic deficit in the S1 distribution. Examination reveals 2/5 strength in the gastrocnemius. Laboratory studies show a WBC count of 13,500/mm 3 and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 74 mm/h. Radiographs of the lumbosacral spine show narrowing of the L5-S1 disk space, with irregularity of the end plates. A sagittal T 2 -weighted MRI scan is shown in Figure 8. Definitive management should consist of

A 40-year-old female recreational basketball player notes pain deep within her shoulder that occurs with activity. Pain began insidiously 6 months previously. She has completed a physical therapy program, and an intra-articular corticosteroid injection provided excellent temporary relief. Physical examination shows symmetric range of motion of her shoulder. She has a positive O'Brien’s active compression test. There is no pain with cross-arm adduction or tenderness to palpation over the acromioclavicular joint. Resisted abduction is nonpainful and strong. MRI shows increased signal in the substance of the superior labrum, low-grade bursal surface fraying of the supraspinatus, and mild degenerative changes within the acromioclavicular joint. What is the best treatment option?

What muscles are responsible for the most common deformity after antegrade intramedullary nailing for a subtrochanteric femur fracture?

-Where is the physis with the highest growth rate (in mm per year) located?

A 40-year-old woman has local back pain and intense burning pain in her perianal region after being shot twice in the back. Motor and sensory examination of her lower extremities reveals no apparent deficit. She has present but decreased sensation in her perianal region, an intact anal wink, good rectal tone, and an intact bulbocavernosus reflex. Radiographs and CT scans are shown in Figures 3a through 3d. What is the next most appropriate step in management?

A 35-year-old woman began to train for a half marathon. After 8 weeks of increasing her mileage, what changes can you expect in her Achilles tendon?

Figure 32 shows the radiograph of a laborer who jammed his thumb in a fall. Examination reveals pain at the base of the thumb and proximal thenar eminence region. Management should consist of

A 54-year man has left shoulder pain and weakness after falling while skiing 4 months ago. Examination reveals full range of motion passively, but he has a positive abdominal compression test and weakness with the lift-off test. External rotation strength with the arm at the side and strength with the arm abducted and internally rotated are normal. MRI scans are shown in Figures 1a and 1b. Treatment should consist of

A 22-year-old competitive volleyball player has shoulder pain, and rest and a cortisone injection have failed to provide relief. Examination reveals atrophy along the posterior scapula, but an MRI scan does not reveal a rotator cuff tear or labral cyst. What is the most likely cause for the shoulder weakness?

A 43-year-old man sustained a closed, intra-articular pilon fracture. It has now been 1 year since he underwent open reduction and internal fixation. Which of the following statements most accurately describes his perceived outcome? Review Topic

A 44-year-old man sustains the injury shown in Figures 1 through 3. What is the most appropriate treatment?

40A B Figures 40a and 40b are this patient's intraoperative arthroscopic images. The abnormality seen here illustrates which of the patient's clinical findings?

A 47-year-old woman has had a 1-month history of left hip and medial thigh pain that is exacerbated by sitting. Laboratory studies show a total protein level of 8.2 g/dL (normal 6.0 to 8.0) and an immunoglobulin G (IGG) level of 2,130 mg/dL (normal 562 to 1,835). A radiograph, CT scan, and biopsy specimen are shown in Figures 38a through 38c. What is the most likely diagnosis?

When performing surgery on a patient with insertional Achilles tendinitis and a Haglund’s deformity, how much of the Achilles tendon insertion can be safely detached without having to consider reattachment with bone anchors?

A 48-year-old ski instructor dislocates his nondominant shoulder in a fall. Management consisting of application of a sling for 1 week results in improvement in his pain. Follow-up examination 6 weeks after the injury reveals that the patient continues to have difficulty with shoulder elevation. Management should now include

• A patient undergoes an acute repair of a laceration of the median nerve in the antecubital fossa. A lack of functional recovery 6 months later is most likely due to

A 72-year-old woman who is right hand-dominant has severe pain in the right shoulder that has failed to respond to nonsurgical management. She reports night pain and significant disability. Examination reveals 30 degrees of active forward elevation. An AP radiograph is shown in Figure 27. Which of the following treatment options will provide the best functional improvement?

A 13-year-old baseball pitcher presents with worsening medial-sided elbow pain. He pitches 7 months out of the year, throws 85 pitches per game and plays in two games per week. His fastball speed is approximately 75mph. He regularly plays outfield once he has been relieved of pitching. Which of the following is most likely contributing to his elbow pain? Review Topic

Figure 28 shows the postoperative radiograph of a 36-year-old patient. The cerclage cable was placed for a minimal medial calcar fracture seen during femoral preparation. In the immediate postoperative period, what is the highest level of activity that would be safely permitted?

A transverse humeral shaft fracture that occurs between a stiff arthritic shoulder joint; a stiff, arthritic elbow joint is treated nonsurgically in a hanging-arm cast

Which of the following is the strongest contraindication to unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA)?

..Approximately what percentage of the time does an unknown primary cancer get identified as part of a full metastatic work-up that includes radiographs; blood tests; a CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis; whole-body bone scan; and biopsy of the metastatic focus?

Tendons should have what ratio of matrix protein?

Figures 1 and 2 are the radiographs of a 35-year-old right-hand-dominant man who has had progressive right wrist pain for 1 year. There is no history of trauma, and he has had no treatment to date. He reports some pain at rest with limited motion and substantial pain with use. He is currently out of work on short-term disability because of this wrist problem. An examination reveals mild dorsal wrist swelling, decrease wrist range of motion, and decreased grip strength. Contralateral wrist examination findings are normal. What is the most appropriate course of treatment?

Figures A and B are radiographic images of an 85-year-old woman with isolated left hip pain. She describes a non-syncopal fall from standing 4 hours ago. Physical examination reveals pain with log-rolling the left thigh and the inability to bear weight on the affected leg. The radiologist reports no fracture in the left hip. What would be the next best step? Review Topic

A 68-year-old woman with metastatic breast carcinoma is seen in the emergency department. She appears lethargic, and she reports abdominal pain, nausea, and constipation. An EKG reveals a shortened QT interval. The only physical finding on examination is diffuse hyporeflexia. What is the most appropriate step in management?

A patient with a previously pain-free knee replacement now reports a sudden inability to ambulate. Radiographs of the knee are shown in Figures 33a and 33b. Management should consist of

Figure 31 shows the radiograph of a 64-year-old woman who is seen in the emergency department following a motor vehicle accident. She has no voluntary motor function in her distal upper extremities or lower extremities. She does not have a bulbocavernosus reflex. She has a blood pressure of 80/50 mm Hg with a pulse of 50/min. Her hypotension does not improve with initial fluid resuscitation. Further treatment of her hypotension should consist of

A 14-year-old boy reports a 4-month history of increasing backache with difficulty walking long distances. His parents state that he walks with his knees slightly flexed and is unable to bend forward and get his hands to his knees. He denies numbness, tingling, and weakness in his legs and denies loss of bladder and bowel control. A lateral radiograph of the lumbosacral spine is shown in Figure 18. What is the best surgical management for this condition?

A right-handed 24-year-old professional baseball player injured his left shoulder 6 weeks ago when he dove forward and landed hard with the arm extended. He reports that the shoulder “slipped out” and “went back in.” The shoulder did not need to be reduced. He now reports deep pain in the front of the shoulder when batting on either side and is hesitant to raise his left arm up over his head to catch a ball. Examination reveals no obvious deformities of the shoulder and a somewhat guarded, limited range of motion in all planes. Provocative tests for the rotator cuff and labrum are equivocal. MRI scans are shown in Figures 16a and 16b. What is the best course of action?

Figures 1 through 5 show the radiographs obtained from a 37-year-old man who has a 10-year history of right, ulnar-sided wrist pain and a volar ulnar prominence with wrist supination. Approximately 20 years ago, he had a forearm injury that was definitively treated in a long arm cast. What surgical treatment option is most likely to improve his symptoms and maintain pronosupination?

The parents of a previously healthy 3-year-old child report that she refused to walk on awakening. Examination later in the day reveals that the patient can walk but with a noticeable limp. She has a temperature of 99.5 degrees F (37.5 degrees C). Range of motion measurements are shown in Figure 50. An AP pelvis radiograph is normal. Laboratory studies show a WBC count of 9,000/mm 3 and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 10 mm/h. Management should consist of

A patient reports changes in vocal quality after undergoing a right-sided anterior cervical approach to C6. Which of the following nerves has most likely been injured?

A 47-year-old man who is an avid tennis player and laborer has had one year of shoulder pain and weakness. His pain occurs at night and radiates to the deltoid laterally. The patient denies any anterior based pain. He reports no prior surgeries and has been managed with steroid injections and physical therapy. On examination, he has full passive motion with significant weakness with external rotation. His neurologic examination is unremarkable. MRI evaluation reveals a posterior-superior rotator cuff tear with Goutallier grade 4 fatty infiltrate in the supraspinatus and infraspinatus with retraction beyond the glenoid. He is concerned about the lack of rotation of his arm and reports that this disability creates significant disability with his occupation as a mason. What is the best next step?

A 16-year-old girl has had hip pain for 1 year. Approximately 2 months ago she noted the development of a hard mass in the right buttock that has steadily increased in size. She now reports severe pain in the right buttock, with radiation down the leg and numbness involving the right foot and toes. A radiograph is shown in Figure 70a and an axial postcontrast T 1 -weighted MRI scan is shown in Figure 70b. A biopsy specimen is shown in Figure 70c. The chest CT shows multiple lung metastases. Treatment of this lesion should consist of

2010 Pediatric Orthopaedic Examination Answer Book • 9 A 9-year-old girl has had bilateral knee and leg pain for the past 2 years. The family has noted increasing deformity in both lower extremities. She is less than the fifth percentile for height. Examination reveals bilateral femoral bowing, mild medial-lateral laxity of the knees, and the deformities shown in the radiograph seen in Figure 3. What is the most likely diagnosis?

All of the following are advantages of supine over lateral positioning during intramedullary nailing of subtrochanteric femur fractures EXCEPT:

Figures 1 and 2 are the AP and lateral radiographs of a 32-year-old man 10 years after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The patient now has worsening medial knee pain and a failed ACL with instability. What is the best surgical option?

Figures 100a and 100b are the MRI scans of a 45-year-old man who has had elbow and proximal forearm pain for the past 8 months. He can recall no specific trauma and symptoms have not lessened despite his adopting job modifications that limit lifting. He has discomfort with resisted elbow extension and pronation. The biceps tendon can be easily palpated. Treatment should consist of which of the following? Review Topic

What is the most important feature in choosing an outcome instrument to assess shoulder disorders?

Deep posterior compartment

What is the most common complication of halo vest immobilization in adults?

A 17-year-old male football player is seen 1 week after developing symptoms of infectious mononucleosis in the middle of the season. Examination reveals evidence of splenomegaly. He and his parents want to know if he can play in a game the following day. What is the most appropriate recommendation? Review Topic

Which of the following is most frequently associated with heterotopic ossification about the shoulder?

• A 15-year-old girl has a thoracic kyphosis that causes mild pain. Examination reveals a sagittal curve measuring 55 degrees and wedging of the eighth through tenth vertebrae. The iliac apophyses are Risser 4. Management should include

Hip pain of 1-month duration has developed in a 72-year-old man with a previous total hip arthroplasty. He underwent dental work 6 weeks ago. Aspiration shows a white blood cell count of more than 6,000 cells/μL (reference range 4,500 to 11,000 cells/μL) and the presence of gram-positive cocci in clusters on Gram  stain.  The orthopaedic  surgeon recommends urgent  debridement  and irrigation. Fixation of  the components is judged to be stable, and the surgeon elects to retain the implants. What is this patient's prognosis for infection resolution?

repair of the rotator cuff

Figure 29 shows the radiograph of a 25-year-old woman who has had a 3-month history of ankle pain after sustaining an inversion injury to the ankle. She reports occasional catching, but no sense of instability. Examination reveals ligament stability. Management should consist of

-In the shoulder position of 90-degree forward flexion and internal rotation, what is the most important static stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint?

Figure 21 is the radiograph of a 45-year-old woman who was severely injured in a motorcycle crash. Her injuries include a traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, bilateral pneumothoraces with pulmonary contusions and flail chest, fracture-dislocation of the left hip, and open fractures of the right distal femur and proximal tibia. Antibiotics and tetanus are administered in the emergency department. The patient is intubated and bilateral chest tubes are placed. A closed reduction is performed on the left hip. After appropriate resuscitation, what is the most appropriate initial management of the right knee injury?

• A 10-year-old boy twisted his ankle while skateboarding and has pain and swelling around the lateral ankle just distal to the fibula. Radiographs are obtained and a lesion is identified in the distal tibia as seen in Figures 273a and 273b. Two weeks later he has no pain to palpation in the region and denies antecedent pain. What is the most appropriate treatment for this lesion?

A 14-year-old boy sustained a 100% displaced distal radius Salter-Harris type II fracture. Neurologic examination demonstrates normal motor examination and two-point discrimination. He undergoes fracture reduction to the anatomic position with the application of a long arm cast. Postreduction he reports increasing hand and wrist pain with diminution of two-point discrimination to 10 mm over the index and middle fingers over the next several hours after surgery. The cast is bivalved and the padding released relieving all external pressure over the arm. Reevaluation reveals increasing sensory deficit over the affected area. What is the next most appropriate management intervention?

A 27-year-old man has had pain in the right index finger for the past 9 months. The pain is completely relieved with ibuprofen. An AP radiograph and CT scan are shown in Figures 80a and 80b. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 23-year-old man reports pain on the superior aspect of his right shoulder with repetitive overhead activities and when lying on his right side. Figure 29 shows an axial MRI scan. What is the most likely diagnosis based on the MRI findings? Review Topic

A patient with a grade 2 L5-S1 isthmic spondylolisthesis reports low back pain and bilateral lower extremity pain. Nonsurgical management has failed to provide relief, and the patient is now a candidate for surgical intervention. The

Figure 41 shows the MRI scan of a 38-year-old weightlifter. What does the arrow on the MRI scan indicate? Review Topic

A 37-year-old racquet player had dominant shoulder pain for 1 year, and cortisone injections provided only temporary relief. Because MRI findings did not reveal a rotator cuff tear, he underwent arthroscopic treatment including subacromial decompression and spur removal below the distal clavicle. Three years following surgery, he now reports that the pain has returned. What is the most likely cause of his pain?

-Which gene mutation is associated with the condition shown in Figures a and b?

Figure 24 shows the radiograph of a 10-year-old boy who sustained a valgus injury to the knee. Examination reveals grade III medial laxity. Initial management should consist of